Category: Street Stories
Stories from the streets-law enforcement memories
Calling All Cars
Adam 12 sound byte

Back in 1973, when I first got hired as a Parking Enforcement Officer with San Rafael Police Department in California, I didn’t need to worry about 10 codes. For the first 2 years of my tenure, we had no radio in our “buggies”. Of course, I learned them anyway. Then around 1975, after a Hell’s Angel accosted me (it’s not what you think: I was on 4th Street–the main drag–and this Romeo decided he was irresistible and wouldn’t take NO for an answer). Because the incident occurred downtown in a highly visible area, merchants called the swamped police dispatch straightaway. Admin decided I needed a radio of my own way to call for help. The “portable” radio they gave me to use was about 8 pounds and 12” x 10” x 3”. Not so portable, really. Months later when was assigned to having cars towed from no parking zones, I had to really learn to talk on that darn thing. So using the only role model available–Adam 12–I wrote down what I needed to say on the radio, then read it with the mike keyed. I knew it wouldn’t take too long to learn the ins and outs–I was a quick study.
The radio was to become my career, even though I denied it to anyone who would listen. There have been high points and low points, to be sure. But learn it, I did.
One of the first things I had to learn was the 10-code, aka the aural brevity code. San Rafael Police Department–as do many municipalities in California–used the 10 code. The 9 code is a relic from years past sometimes used and the 11 code is primarily the California Highway Patrol’s realm. To be accurate, most agencies use a mix of the 10 and 11 codes.
Calling All Cars
Motorola has a great website to detailing the beginning of police radio communications.
The development of the 10-codes began in 1937, when police radio channels were limited, to reduce use of speech on the radio. Credit for inventing the codes goes to Charles “Charlie” Hopper, communications director for the Illinois State Police, in Pesotum, Il. Hopper realized there was a need to abbreviate transmissions on State Police bands.
Experienced radio operators knew the first syllable of a transmission was frequently not understood because of quirks in early electronics technology. Radios in the 1930s were based on vacuum tubes powered by a small motor-generator called a dynamotor. The dynamotor took from 1/10 to 1/4 of a second to “spin up” to full power. Police officers were trained to push the microphone button, then pause briefly before speaking; however, sometimes they would forget to wait. Preceding each code with “ten-” gave the radio transmitter time to reach full power.

Ten-codes, especially “ten-four”, first reached public recognition in the mid- to late-1950s through the popular television series Highway Patrol, with Broderick Crawford. Crawford would reach into his patrol car to use the microphone to answer a call and precede his response with “10-4”.
Ten-codes were adapted for use by CB radio enthusiasts during its pop culture explosion in the late 1970s. The hit 1975 song “Convoy” by C. W. McCall depicting conversation among CB-communicating truckers put phrases like 10-4 meaning “understood” and what’s your twenty? (10-20) for “where are you?” into common and use in American English. A 1978 movie Convoy, loosely based on the song, further entrenched ten-codes in casual conversation.
Replacement with plain language
As of 2011, ten-codes remain in common use, but have been phased out in some areas in favor of plain language. Nineteen states were planning to change to plain English as of the end of 2009.
10-4 does not mean “yes” (one of my pet peeves), only “understood” “acknowledged” or “ok”.
This link provides the standard published by Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials (APCO) list of 10 codes. However, each agency has its own peculiarities and codes often morph into something unique to the department. When I worked for Petaluma Police (1981-1992), the standard code for “station” (the police station) was “W”. I asked once what it stood for. No one could recall. I doubt they are still using this.
Codes are often used in a more abbreviated form. For instance, using Rohnert Park Department of Public Safety, an exchange that could be “4 Sam 1, 10-20?” “First and Main” might be more like “4 Sam 1, what’s your 10-20?” “My 20 is First and Main”—it would be more efficient to simply ask, “4 Sam 1, where are you?” “I’m at First and Main.” FYI: The “4” before the “Sam” in the call sign denotes the agency. In Sonoma County, “1” stands for Sonoma County Sheriff’s Department. Surrounding agencies are numbered by mutual agreement and use their numbers in their department call signs. The “Sam” is a rank designator, in this case a sergeant.
- “Lincoln” is a patrol officer
- “Tom” is a traffic officer
- “Mary” is a motor officer
- “David” is a detective
- “Adam” is an administrator
The number following is called the “unit number” and generally assigned by seniority. For instance, the most senior patrol officer would be “4L1” or “4Lincoln1”.
Just so you don’t think this cop stuff is too easy, there are agencies who adjust an officer’s call sign by shift, beat or zone and unit. For instance, Sonoma County Sheriff uses this system: “E-Edward” is a dayshift unit, “F” is swing (afternoons) shift, and “G” is graveyard (nights). The agency designator stays the same but if an officer is hired for overtime and works a different shift than normal, he has to learn to say his correct radio call sign. In times of intense stress, this has proven to be problematic.
On the other hand, there are times when the use of codes is appropriate, even if less efficient than speaking “clear text”. For instance, using discreet codes for sexual assault, homicide, suicide and other such situations can prevent the victim and family from having to hear the description being broadcast to all within earshot. Even when the meaning is known, it is less of an emotional jolt to hear a set of numbers being rattled off than to hear plain-speech terms for the trauma.

While ten-codes were intended to be a terse, concise, and standardized system, the proliferation of different meanings may render them useless in situations where people from different agencies and jurisdictions need to communicate. For that reason their use is expressly forbidden in the nationally-standardized Incident Command System as is the use of other codes. An example: in Marin County, a “code 6” is a warrant check. In Sonoma County, it is a request for back-up. Yikes.
In the fall of 2005, responding to inter-organizational communication problems during the rescue operations after Hurricane Katrina, the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) discouraged the use of ten-codes and other codes due to their wide variation in meaning. The Department of Homeland Security‘s SAFECOM program, established in response to communication problems experienced during the September 11 attacks also advises local agencies on how and why to transition to plain language. The New Orleans Police Department continued using 10-codes as of 2010.
There is no easy answer. Besides codes, clear talk is the only other option. Yet there are times when law enforcement agencies need expeditious codes. Standardization is a great idea but as long as more than two agencies are involved, there will be differences.
Next, some interesting thoughts from a friend who moved from a California fire agency to a Mid-west military installation. The next post will be guest Elaine O’Brien from Fort Riley PD. You’ll love some of her insights!
Officer Down Memorial Page
Police Officer Kevin Tonn
Galt Police Department, California
End of Watch: Tuesday, January 15, 2013
Bio & Incident Details
Age: 35
Tour: 4 years
Badge # Not available
Cause: Gunfire
Incident Date: 1/15/2013
Weapon: Handgun
Suspect: Committed suicide
Police Officer Kevin Tonn was shot and killed after responding to a burglary call in the 200 block of F Street at approximately 11:20 am.
A struggle ensued after Officer Tonn contacted a suspect two blocks away, in a field near a set of railroad tracks. The suspect was able to shoot Officer Tonn and then fired at another responding officer, who returned fire. The subject fatally shot himself before he was able to be taken into custody.
Officer Tonn was transported to a nearby hospital where he was pronounced dead.
Officer Tonn had served with the Galt Police Department for four years and had previously served as a firefighter and medic.
Please contact the following agency to send condolences or to obtain funeral arrangements:
Chief of Police William Bowen
Galt Police Department
455 Industrial Drive
Galt, CA 95632
Phone: (209) 366-7000
Craig Schwartz’s Wrap Up
National Academy Wrap-Up: Good to be home
December 28, 2012

The research papers are done and the tests all taken. The 260+ members of Session 251 at the FBI National Academy graduated on December 14 and separated to return to our families and work. I planned to write this final post about my experiences at the National Academy, but have been procrastinating. My tardiness may be because I have been busy since I returned, getting reacquainted with my family, friends, and co-workers, but it may also be because I enjoyed my time in Quantico so much and don’t want to think about writing leave it too far behind me.

I returned home for the first time in 11 weeks on the night of December 14. This was the longest separation I have had from my family, and it was wonderful to walk through my front door again and be with them again. Their support made the entire experience possible for me and I will always appreciate their love and sacrifice. Even my dog remembered me and was excited to see me! A few days later I went back to work in my new position as a Captain. The Department held a promotion and swearing-in ceremony on Monday, December 17 at City Hall. The Chief swore in three young men as new Police Officers and our Personnel Services Team introduced one new Communications Dispatcher and one new Police Technician. Three Police Officers were promoted to the rank of Sergeant, three Sergeants promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, and I became a Captain. The ceremony was the best I’ve seen at the Santa Rosa Police Department and it was great to see the Council Chambers filled with family and friends. I can’t think of a better way to return home.

I can’t think of much to say about the experience at the National Academy that I haven’t posted before. The FBI puts on an outstanding program with the National Academy. Every FBI employee I met, from the Special Agents and civilian employees here in California, to the staff at the FBI Academy treated us very well. I am proud to partner with them and look forward to continuing the great relationships we have formed here and in Quantico. There were many positives about the National Academy experience, but the greatest benefit was the relationship building that went on in the classrooms, the dorms, the athletic facilities, and on our weekend trips. I have come home a much richer person thanks to the many friendships I formed during my time away. I met some truly impressive law enforcement professionals from almost every state in the nation and 29 foreign countries. As I suspected, as soon as I drove away from the Academy I started missing my new friends. I learned as much or more from them as from the formal instruction in my classes, and while I may not get to see them as frequently as I would like, I know that we will continue to share our successes and failures as we work on the issues and challenges facing law enforcement over the next decade.
Now that the NA experience is over, I am looking forward to my new challenges and opportunities at the Santa Rosa Police Department. I am very thankful to Chief Schwedhelm for allowing me to attend the NA, and to my co-workers for taking on my workload while I was gone. I found the NA to be an excellent experience on several levels, and appreciate the opportunity I was given. As I wrote in an earlier post, the Santa Rosa Police Department had not sent anyone in over a decade, so one of my goals in attending was to open that door again and represent our department well so that others from Santa Rosa will have to opportunity to attend future sessions. I believe our continued attendance in programs like the National Academy and Command College helps us grow as leaders and better serve our community.
Thanks for reading. I hope my posts have helped others understand the National Academy and my experiences there.
– Captain Craig Schwartz

Captain Schwartz has been posting during his experience at the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Va. This is his last post.
Dec 2, 2012
I have less than two weeks left at the FBI National Academy before I get to go home and see my family for the first time in eleven weeks. I can’t wait, and I am really looking forward to being at home with my family for Christmas. At the same time, this has been such a great experience that I know I will miss it and my new friends when it is over.
Physical Challenges

Over the two weeks or so since my last update, we have completed all but our last physical challenge. The class went on our five-mile run last Wednesday anticipating temperatures in the low 30s, but was rewarded with a relatively balmy 39 degrees on a very nice morning. The last challenge is the actual Yellow Brick Road. We got our briefing on the obstacles we will encounter on the approximately 3-mile section on the Marine Corps’ Endurance Course. It looks like fun, and not too challenging since we will probably get backed up as all of us try to negotiate some of the rope climbs up and descents down the rock walls. Once we complete the Endurance Course we get to run the 3+ miles back to the FBI Academy. Once again, it should be fun since we get to run at our own pace. Like many of the aspects in this program, and in life, you get out of it what you put into it. The point of these challenges has been to push yourself rather than adhering to a set time standard. I wasn’t sure I liked that strategy at first, but with a group of 262 people of varying abilities, ranging in age from the 30’s to the 50’s, it is probably a very good way to do it.
I also finished my 34 miles of swimming shortly after my last post, completing the “Blue Brick” challenge. I’ll get both bricks this week and have to figure out how to get them home without going over my luggage weight limit. Flat rate shipping here I come! It is nice to have the swimming done, mainly because it took quite a bit of time. I’ve been a swimmer my whole life and knew I would finish the challenge without much difficulty, but it was great to see some of my
friends who are not as comfortable in the water improve their abilities and persevere to earn their blue bricks. I admire their “never quit” attitude and achievement.
Academics
Academically, my papers and speeches are all complete. I have one presentation and a final exam tomorrow, and one last extemporaneous speech sometime later this week. The academic highlight of the program for me has been my class on Intelligence Theory and Application for Law Enforcement Managers. The course has covered law enforcement’s use of intelligence and how we can analyze and use information to guide our efforts in directing resources to prevent and solve crimes. We had a guest instructor last week from Michigan State University who put on a four-hour block of instruction on critical thinking. It was a very interesting class, applicable to many aspects of life, not just government and law enforcement. We discussed how a lack of critical thinking led to large-scale intelligence failures before the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. We also conducted a critical thinking case study of an arson-murder investigation in the U.S. in which a father was convicted of killing his daughters based on arson indicators found at the fire scene. The indicators had not been tested, but were identified based on many investigators’ experiences over the years. Later experiments showed that some of these “indicators” could not be relied on to identify arson as the cause of a fire. Data is important, but so is a thorough and critical analysis of the data. One of the instructors’ points was that critical thinking is not a natural skill. In fact, we are rewarded in society for our ability to make quick decisions when in many (non-emergency) cases we should take our time to ask questions before jumping to the answer.
The unfortunate part about that class was that it took place from 4-6pm last Friday, so I did not get a chance to visit with Detective Chris Mahurin, one of our Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Detectives who was in Washington D.C. at the invitation and expense of a non-profit agency so he could attend a conference on Human Trafficking. Chris has been doing great work at SRPD and got the attention of this group, who offered to fly him to D.C. and pay his expenses to attend the conference and network with people there. Great work Chris! I love seeing SRPD recognized as leaders in law enforcement.
Blackhawk Down

Last week we continued our enrichment lecture series when we were privileged to meet and listen to Michael Durant. For those who have not read or watched Blackhawk Down, Mr. Durant was a Chief Warrant Officer and U.S. Army helicopter pilot with the famed 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. He was shot down over Mogadishu, Somalia during Operation Restore Hope in 1993. He was severely wounded, and the only survivor of his helicopter crew. Two operators from the 1st Special Operations Force, Delta (Delta Force) volunteered to go in by themselves to protect the crew of Durant’s helicopter against a large, armed, and hostile crowd of Somalis. Both were killed and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Their names were Gary Gordon and Randy Shugart. Somali warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid’s forces brutally beat and held Mr. Durant captive for 11 days before releasing him to US forces. He gave an excellent presentation on the successes and especially the failures of our efforts in Somalia. He talked about his experiences and leadership lessons from the operation.
It is late here, so I’ll sign off for now.

Lt. Craig Schwartz of Santa Rosa Police Department
posted his experiences at the FBI National Academy on Facebook.
FBI Academy, continued
A little over a month late but here is Lt. Craig Schwartz’s update while attending the FBI National Academy. Look to previous posts for all the installments.
Nov 14, 2012
International Night

Four and a half weeks to go here at the NA, and we just finished International Night. The event is set up for all of our international students to share their nations’ food, drink, and culture with us. Each of the students brings information about their country, along with some great food and some favorite drinks from his or her homeland. I had some great Pad Thai along with another very spicy Thai dish that I liked, but can’t remember the name of. The Mongolian food was great, as was the Dulce de Leche from Argentina. The Spanish Sangria was excellent as well. We all had a great time getting to know our international students a little better. Our class of 262 includes students from the following nations (in no particular order): Afghanistan; Armenia; Benin; Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Thailand; Taiwan; South Korea; The Maldives; Iraq (Kurdistan); Slovenia; Hungary; Ukraine; Spain; France; Germany; Poland; Estonia; Finland; Great Britain; Bermuda; Uganda; Benin; Nigeria; Tanzania; Mongolia; New Zealand; and Canada.
Tragedy
Unfortunately the night was punctuated by another tragedy for a member of the class. One of our classmates from New York State went home to be with his family this weekend. His 14 year old son had a track meet in Buffalo and collapsed in cardiac arrest. Emergency personnel were able to resuscitate him, but the young man passed away in the hospital this evening. As I’ve said before, there has been a great deal of tragedy for the members of Session 251. I am very thankful for the blessings of family and friends. Please remember to appreciate the people who are important to you.
Physical Challenge

We only have two physical challenges left before we go home. Today’s challenge was a 30 minute cardio mixer around the track in the 30 degree morning air. It was fun for all, and no one got hurt. Some of us finished up with some rope climbs after the challenge, then a mile and a half swim after lunch. Three more mile and a half swims and I’ll be done with the Blue Brick challenge. The athletic facilities here are incredible, and the PT instructors are so good I wish I could bring mine home as a coach. Our next Yellow Brick Road challenge is a 5.2 mile run for time, followed in the first week of December with the actual Yellow Brick Road challenge. That’s the 6.1 mile run that includes 3 or so miles on the Marine Corps Endurance Course. It is a trail run through the woods with 26 obstacles of different types for us to overcome. I’m looking forward to it, but kind of hoping there’s no snow on the ground. The water obstacles would be better if we didn’t have to break through ice to go through!
SRPD Chief Visits

Chief Schwedhelm and Captain Negri took some vacation days and flew out to visit for Veteran’s Day weekend. We had a busy, but great weekend touring the Academy, Civil War battlefields, Washington, DC, and Annapolis. One of my classmates from the U.S. Capitol Police set up a tour through the Capitol Building that was excellent. We got to see the House Floor and learn quite a bit of the building’s history. There was far too much to present here, but if you are coming to DC, contact your Congressional Representative early to arrange a tour. You won’t be disappointed. Another of the weekend highlights came during our trip to Arlington National Cemetery. We watched a wreath laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknowns and then walked down to the United States Marine Corps Memorial, also known as the Iwo Jima Memorial. We happened on the Marines from the famed 8th and I Barracks in DC conducting a parade to celebrate the USMC birthday. The Commandant of the Corps was spoke, as did the former Commandant, General James Jones. It was an impressive and moving ceremony.
As I’ve said before, this is a great program, but I’m looking forward to getting home to see family, friends and get back to work. At the same time, I know that as soon as I leave here I will miss the many friends I’ve made over the last seven weeks. It has definitely been a worthwhile experience and one of the high points of my career.
Lt. Craig Schwartz of Santa Rosa Police Department posted his experiences at the FBI National Academy on Facebook.

Almost a pursuit…
One night, we had gotten into a pursuit with a man driving a stolen motorcycle. Traffic was light and the suspect was flying down one of the main streets at a high rate of speed. He managed to make a sharp turn onto the freeway in an effort to evade us. I came into the same turn a tad too fast and had to brake hard; really hard or we were going to crash. The car skidded across a wheelchair ramp, across a sidewalk, across a dirt shoulder and came to a stop between a streetlight and traffic signal with about a foot to spare on either side. As the dust and tire smoke filtered past us, we realized that somehow, I had avoided doing any damage to the car nor had I hit anything. We looked at each other, shrugged our shoulders and Tim summed it up by saying, “Well, as they say in basketball, no harm no foul.” We got back on the road and resumed the pursuit. That’s the way we worked together.
As to the bad guy, though we were not able to apprehend this guy that because he dumped the motorcycle and fled on foot. About a year later we stopped him for a minor traffic violation and discover a warrant for his arrest; it was for evading a police officer.
Still, for all the good things that Tim and I accomplished together, there were still those elements in the department that felt a reserve officer should be assigned to take care of mundane tasks that many officers find tedious, such as operating our holding facility, booking prisoners and transporting them to county jail. Also, I felt there was an undercurrent of resentment at the successes Tim and I achieved working together. Usually, it was from officers with less than admirable work ethics or who were stuck in another less contemporary age of policing.

Halloween Cruise
On one particular “Cruise Night”, it happened to be Halloween. Tim and I decided to both wear a hat that had a pig nose, tail and ears as a way of improving our image and rapport among the multitudes of young people, whom were most often the recipients of our numerous traffic citations. It did so beyond our best expectations. However, a very “traditional” minded sergeant felt otherwise when our attempt at bettering community relations was brought to his attention. We both received some “counseling” from him for crossing the line in decorum and demonstrating conduct unbecoming a police officer. There came the day that these negative elements all came together and someone in the upper echelons of management made the decision it would be better if Tim and I didn’t work together so much.
It was decided, Tim could be of better use working our “jail” (a temporary holding facility); after all, he was just a reserve. Eventually, common sense and less rigid minds prevailed and it wasn’t long before we were “allowed” to work together.
Aboudara assigned as emergency contact
As partners are wont to do, I designated Tim to be person to notify my wife should I be seriously hurt or killed in the line of duty; little did I know he would have to do exactly just that for me a few years later. Near the end of May in 1986, I was training a new officer and showing her how to use moving radar. An inexperienced teenage driver lost control of his vehicle while adjusting his car’s radio and slammed head-on into my side of the patrol car at over fifty miles an hour. Among my many injuries, I sustained serious head trauma and lost consciousness. I later learned that many of those officers who had responded to the scene had concerns as to whether I was going to survive. Someone called Tim, who then had to do a job no one would envy–notifying my wife. There is no hiding the nature of such a visit when fellow officer shows up at the front door unannounced, late at night. I could not have placed my family in more capable hands; my partner handled everything in an exemplary manner.
The end of reserves at PPD
The end of reserves at PPD
Despite Tim’s and the other reserve officers’ stellar record of service to the Department, in the 1990’s, those who looked down upon them began to prevail once more. This time liability fears, training and alleged financial constraints were the reasons given to gut the reserve program. To the best of my knowledge, no one in management had really made much of an effort to find solutions and keep it running. Stunned, Tim and a few other senior Reserve Officers were forced into “retirement”; they were given a hearty hand clasp, a nifty certificate and a handsome plaque. The younger Reserve Officers, still working toward their Level One status, were essentially told that their services were no longer needed. With a silent whimper, an important part of the department disappeared.
The invaluable role reserves played at PPD
Many a full time officer had got their start in the reserve program. The reserve program had been an excellent recruiting tool for full time service at a time when qualified prospects were few in number. Those that made the transition were better, more polished officers because of that experience. The program was a conduit to the community as to the workings of police department. It was a valuable source of extra manpower for special events. When the town was hit by a disastrous flood, it was the reserve officers who volunteered to help an overwhelmed patrol force, some coming in even while their own homes were at risk. When animal rights activists protested at a local beef processing facility, it was the reserve officers who manned the booking station in the event the situation turned nasty. When the Department began running DWI Checkpoints, it was the reserve officers who volunteered to assist with some of the more routine tasks.
Reserve programs in other jurisdictions
Though no longer a member of the Petaluma Police, I do know that they eventually began a volunteer Reserve Community Service Officer Program. It is my understanding that they assist in many administrative tasks, supplementing an overwhelmed civilian staff that has been pared to the bone by budget cuts. Whether they ever go back to having a Reserve Police Officer program in the future remains to be seen. The largest agency in California, the Los Angeles Police Department, has been running a reserve program for generations and now has over 650 active reserve officers. They are still one of many police agencies that still count on Reserve Officers. I suspect that when the need for supplemental man power in an era of shrinking budgets outweighs the liability fears having such a program, my old department might revisit such a notion.
A new day dawning for reserves
Shortly after I had written the prior paragraph, I received the monthly informational bulletin from my old department, which had recently hired a new Chief of Police. After several months of settling into the job and learning about some of the issues facing the Petaluma Police Department, Chief Patrick Williams has apparently begun to implement his vision as the direction the department should head. Among some of the new programs described in the bulletin was this; “For the first time since the early 1990’s, Petaluma Police Department will begin screening applicants for the position of Police Reserve.”
Gerry Goldshine
Born in Providence, Rhode Island but raised in Southern California.
Upon graduating California State University, Los Angeles, Gerry
enlisted in the Army and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant.
After leaving active duty in 1979, he worked for the Sonoma County
Sheriff’s Office. From 1980 until his retirement in 1996, he was a patrol
officer, traffic officer and at Petaluma Police Department.
He’s married, has a daughter and lives in Sonoma County, California.
In the wake of yesterday’s shooting tragedy, I thought it appropriate for this blog to present this information.
Newtown shooting: First responders must be prepared for the rollercoaster of emotions
Education Issues in Public Safety
with Leischen Stelter
from PoliceOne blog
Details continue to emerge from today’s tragic shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut.
As of the writing of this piece, police report 26 people have been killed with at least 18 children dead. The alleged gunman is 24-year-old Adam Lanza, who killed his mother, a teacher at the school.
This event occurred just days after a deadly mall shooting outside of Portland, Oregon, where a 22-year-old man opened fire in the busy food court, killing two and severely injured another before taking his own life.
Impact on First Responders
Unfortunately, these senseless and tragic shootings will continue to happen around the country. One of the aspects that doesn’t often get discussed (certainly not in the mainstream media, anyway), is the impact these violent incidents have on law enforcement and first responders.
Those whose jobs it is to respond to these mass shootings witness scenes that no person should have to see. The healing process from such tragedy can be a challenging process with short- and long-term effects.
Charles Russo has spent a considerable amount of his 25-year law enforcement career focusing on the psychological effects of police work. Part of his Ph.D. work involved officer psychology as does his classroom work as a professor of criminal justice at American Military University.
Russo was one of the founding members of his Florida department’s critical incident stress management team and he participates in the county and state’s response team as well. These teams are deployed immediately after an incident or disaster with the goal of aiding first responders with their mental wellness and providing them with resources to aid in their psychological healing.
Based on the news reports, the scenario inside the Connecticut school is extremely gruesome. “Especially for those first responders who have kids the same age, they are going to have a really hard time dealing with this situation,” predicted Russo.
Hopefully stress management teams in the region have been deployed for first responders. The intention of these teams is multifaceted.
Normal Reactions to Abnormal Events
Immediately after the initial response is over, it’s important for such teams to set up a place for first responders to gather that is away from the view of the public and the media.
This location is where first responders can debrief, discuss the incident with one another and receive psychological guidance from trained professionals. It’s important for first responders to have this safe place to talk so they can process the situation and begin the healing process, said Russo.
A significant role of the stress management team is to inform first responders about what they can expect emotionally after an event like this.
“We assure them that what they’re going through is normal, what they witnessed was an abnormal event, and the reaction they’re going to have is in fact normal,” he said.
Russo said he, like many officers, has been involved in shootings and other traumatic incidents.
What helped him the most was knowing what to expect emotionally and psychologically.
“I had already done my homework, so when the emotional rollercoaster started, I knew I wasn’t going crazy. Whereas, if I didn’t have that knowledge beforehand, I can easily understand why people think they’re losing it,” he said.
Nightmares, eating issues, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunction, extreme highs and lows, anger and pain are all very normal reactions to such an abnormal event, he said.
These teams also need to provide first responders with tools and resources to “get back to normal,” said Russo.
As a general rule, about 80 percent of officers involved in tragic incidents will be able to deal with those situations on their own. However, the other 20 percent will require professional assistance. Russo said it is important for officers to know that seeking help is not a sign of weakness, but rather the right steps to take in order to recover from such events.
It’s also important for these stress management teams to involve family members in the recovery process. Those close to first responders need to know what to expect, what is “normal” behavior and what is unhealthy or concerning behavior. Family members also need to know who to reach out to for help and what resources are available for their loved one as well as themselves.
Russo encourages officers to try to get back to a healthy routine as soon as possible. Things like eating well and exercising are very effective methods for coping with all kinds of stress. It’s also important to find safe outlets to discuss and talk through emotions and feelings.
Russo recommends staying away from things like excessive alcohol use and self-medicating practices that can exacerbate the situation and almost never help with the healing process.
While no one can adequately prepare themselves for the trauma like the scene that law enforcement officers’ responded to in Connecticut, it is important to acknowledge and recognize the immediate need for resources to help them with their short- and long-term recovery needs.
About the author
Leischen Stelter is the social media coordinator with the public safety team at American Military University. She writes about issues and trends relevant to professionals in law enforcement, fire services, emergency management and national security. Stelter is the former managing editor of Security Director News, an online business publication for physical security practitioners, where she spent four years writing articles, blogs and producing video segments on best practices in the private security industry.
Visit Leischen Stelter’s blog, In Public Safety, to read many more columns and commentary of interest to public safety professionals. In addition, you can follow her on Twitter @AMUPoliceEd and on Facebook.
Just A Reserve?
by Gerry Goldshine
You rarely read anything about them in the crime novels and mystery books. They don’t show up on any of the police television shows whether fictional ones like “CSI” or reality series like “Cops”. I am talking about a dedicated group of men and women who volunteer their time to train and work as police officers; the Police Reserves. In many departments, the Reserves are an integral part of the patrol force with their own chain of command, organized training and such. However, in other departments, Reserves are thought of as second class officers to be assigned those menial tasks that the “regular” officers find distasteful, such as booking, transporting prisoners, traffic duty and such.
My experience with reserves
This is about my experience with one particular reserve officer back in early 1980’s when I started with the Petaluma Police Department.
One of the things I learned early in my field training program was that the department regularly beefed up the patrol force numbers, most usually on the weekends when activity and calls for service were the busiest, with our Reserve Police Officers. Back then, we had three levels of reserve officers, each level based upon their training which then determined what duties they could perform. Level One Reserve Officers had to complete the same training as a regular police officer set forth by the California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST). While they were capable of working alone, the number of patrol vehicles available would more often than not dictate that they would double up with a full time, “regular” officer. They were a great asset to the department but unfortunately there were those officers and sergeants that considered them to be something less than “real” police officers, treating them diffidently.
Getting to know you…

Robert-66
Petaluma PD
I first got to know my eventual reserve partner, Tim Aboudara, while I was working the Graveyard Shift, shortly after completing my field training. I was just thrilled to be done with training and on my own. I say my own as we most usually worked with a single officer assigned to a beat and patrol car.
On this particular night, I had responded to a report of a disturbance outside one of the bars downtown. When I got there, I saw Tim trying to talk to an obviously inebriated man. The “gentleman” was loud, obnoxious and seemed on the verge of being combative. Tim had just told him, “You have until I count to three to go with your friends and leave or I’m taking you to jail for public intoxication.”
As Tim started to count, the guy became even more verbally abusive and began to curse at him. My only thought was, “Hey, he can’t talk to one of our Reserve Officers like that.” What can I say? I was new and fired up to make the streets safe for all the good citizens of Petaluma. By the time Tim had reached the count of “two”, I had seen and heard enough; I dashed in, handcuffed him and had him on the way to my car.
As he would later tell people, “Before I had reached the count of three, this short cop came out of nowhere, cuffed the drunk and had him in the back of his patrol car.”
To paraphrase the ending of the movie “Casablanca”, that was the beginning of a beautiful friendship.
Partners
It wasn’t long after that little introduction that we occasionally started to work together as car partners. Despite some of the disparaging remarks I had heard other “regular” officers make about the “Reserves”, I always found Tim, who had several more years of police experience than I did, eager and willing to share what he knew about police work. He was never condescending to me, the “rookie”, as were some of the more veteran officers. Though from differing backgrounds, our personalities meshed together like finely crafted Swiss watch gears. We really began to forge a bond as partners after I was assigned to be the Swing Shift Traffic Unit, regularly working together either Friday or Saturday night and sometimes both. I took it as a complement, that Tim would ask to work with me.
American Graffiti
Thanks to George Lucas filming major portions of his movie “American Graffiti” in Petaluma, our little hamlet became a major destination for “cruisers” throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. Traffic would be bumper to bumper for several miles in both directions along the main boulevard that ran through the center of downtown and with it came all the inherent problems that come with youthful exuberance. In addition to the obvious traffic congestion, there was loud music blaring from cars, verbal and physical fights, traffic accidents, a host of vehicle code violations, possession and consumption of alcoholic beverages and less frequently, drugs.
In those early days, Tim and I would spend what quiet time we had early in the shift reviewing the vehicle code to develop an expertise in spotting hazardous violations that could lead to accidents. We also looked for those less obvious violations that would prove to be useful in keeping other problems from arising, such as impeding the flow of traffic or hang out the window of a car.
Streamlining the process
It wasn’t long before we worked nights where we sometimes wrote as many as fifty citations for serious moving violations and sometimes those not so serious. We also became proficient at detecting and apprehending drunk drivers. Working together, we found ways to streamline the process so that we could reduce our time off the streets. As I received more advanced training in traffic accident investigation and reconstruction, I passed it along to Tim as we worked collision cases together. When working major accidents, we again came up with ways to streamline those investigations, freeing up other officers, ourselves and traffic sooner. Many sergeants and officers came to consider Tim knowledgeable enough in traffic matters, that they would often assign him to work as the traffic unit on those nights he happened to work and I was on a day off.
The more we worked together, the more we came to know one and others mannerism, body language and officer safety tactics. I felt comfortable enough working with Tim whether I was driving or sitting in the passenger seat. We knew we had each other’s back regardless of the situation. It’s no exaggeration to say that we trusted each other with our lives. That is the nature of a really good police partnership. Still, I was often questioned by other officers if I was really comfortable trusting my safety to a “reserve”.
I was, without any reservations ever.
Part 2 will appear next Sunday evening. Join Gerry and Tim in the conclusion of “Just a Reserve” and see both light-hearted antics and life or death events they would go through together.

Gerry Goldshine
Petaluma PD
Gerry Goldshine
Born in Providence, Rhode Island but raised in Southern California.
Upon graduating California State University, Los Angeles, Gerry enlisted
in the Army and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. After leaving
active duty in 1979, he worked for the Sonoma County Sheriff’s Office.
From 1980 until his retirement in 1996, he was a patrol officer, traffic officer
at Petaluma Police Department.
He’s married, has a daughter and lives in Sonoma County, California.
FBI National Academy
By Craig Schwartz
Update 11/07/2012
We are now halfway through our session at the National Academy, and it has been a painful week for one of our class members. One of our international students had to leave abruptly early this week when she learned that her fiance, a rescue diver, had perished during a water rescue in her home country. We are all thinking of her and praying for her now,and hope she will be able to return and graduate with us. Several of my classmates have suffered tragic losses during the short time we have been here, and even though the FBI puts on an outstanding program, we are all looking forward to getting home to see our families.
Gettysburg
The classes are good here, but the I enjoy getting to know my colleagues from around the country and world most of all. I posted photos of a trip several of us took to Gettysburg last weekend for a tour of the battlefields. Our tour was led by Jim Kralick, the retired sheriff of Rockland County, New York. Sheriff Kralik worked in law enforcement for 50 years and now lives his dream. He owns and operates a stable and campground next to the Gettysburg Battlefield. He leads horseback tours of the historic site and is a wealth of knowledge. For our tour he took extra time to talk about leadership lessons from both the Union and Confederate sides of the battle that happened from July 1-3, 1863.
Physical Challenge
Wednesday’s at the NA are enrichment and physical challenge days. We are halfway through our Yellow Brick Road Challenge and I am over halfway to my Blue Brick swim challenge. I hit 26.5 miles in the pool tonight, with 7.5 to go. Our PT challenge today was a cardio day with three stations: running the stairs 3 times in the parking garage; 6 sprints up a short but steep hill, and one station running the infield of the track while a partner tries to hold you back with a large rubber band around your waist. We’ll do the full 6.1 mile run and Marine Corps Endurance Course in early December.
Enrichment Lecture
The enrichment lecture for the day was a presentation by two former military aviators, Commander Porter Halyburton and Colonel Fred Cherry. Cdr Halyburton was a young Navy Lieutenant Junior Grade when he was shot down over North Vietnam in 1965 and captured. Colonel Halyburton was an Air Force pilot who was also shot down and captured by the North Vietnamese. He suffered serious injuries when he ejected from his plane. Both men were held as POWs for over 7 years, suffering brutal conditions and treatment at the hands of their captors. The North Vietnamese eventually put them together to try and break them. You see, CDR Halyburton is a white man from the South and Colonel Cherry is an African American. The North Vietnamese made Halyburton care for the wounded Cherry, thinking the racial tensions they saw in the United States at the time would destroy the morale of the two men. It did not, and they are the subject of a book titled Two Souls Indivisible. Their presentation was inspiring both for the way they behaved while in captivity and for the way they have chosen to live their lives since. Cdr. Halyburton said it best when he said “Attitude is everything”, and stressed that our attitude is the one thing we are able to control in life.

Craig Schwartz, Lt. with Santa Rosa Police Department is blogging from the FBI National Academy in an effort to keep Santa Rosa citizens informed of the valuable training he has received. I include his post to show an example of the level of professionalism in which law enforcement administrators and line personnel must train.
